Pseudo-3D stereoscopic images and output device

ABSTRACT

A transparent print media comprising a first surface having a polarity of lenticular portions adapted to image left and right stereo images printed on an opposing surface to the first surface so as to produce a stereo photographic image when viewed from the first surface.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the creation of pseudo-3D stereoscopic images and, in particular, also discloses a camera and printing output device that can create these images on demand.

DESCRIPTION OF BACKGROUND ART

The creation of stereoscopic views, with a first image being presented to the left eye and second image being presented to the right eye, thereby creating an illusion of a three dimensional surface is well known. However, previous systems have required complex preparation and high fidelity images have generally not been possible. Further, the general choice of images has been limited with the images normally only being specially prepared images.

There is a general need for being able to produce high fidelity stereoscopic images on demand and in particular for producing images by means of a portable camera device wherein the stereoscopic image can be taken at will.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a media for automatic production of stereographic images on demand.

In accordance with the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of creating a stereoscopic photographic image comprising:

(a) utilising a camera device to image a scene stereographically;

(b) printing said stereographic image as an integrally formed image at predetermined positions on a first surface portion of a transparent printing media, said transparent printing media having a second surface including a lensing system so as to stereographically image said scene to the left and right eye of a viewer of said printed stereographic image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the process of viewing a stereo photographic image;

FIG. 2 illustrates the rectilinear system of the preferred embodiments designed to produce a stereo photographic effect;

FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view illustrating the creation of a stereo photographic image;

FIG. 4 illustrates an apparatus for producing stereo photographic images in accordance with the preferred embodiments;

FIG. 5 illustrates the positioning unit of FIG. 4 in more detail;

FIG. 6 illustrates a camera device suitable for production of stereo photographic images;

FIG. 7 illustrates the process of using an opaque backing to improve the stereo photographic effect.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, in the preferred embodiment, it is desired to create a photographic image to which allows a viewer 3 to view stereoscopical or pseudo three-dimensional type effects. These effects can be viewed by simultaneously recording two images close together and presenting one image to the viewer's right eye 4 and a second image to the viewer's left eye 5. By recording the image for the left and right eye and then presenting a surface which allows the left eye to view the left stereoscopic image and the right eye to view the right stereoscopic image, a 3-D stereoscopic effect will be produced.

In the preferred embodiment, the photo or stereoscopic image 2 can be constructed, as will become more apparent hereinafter, by means of a series of lenticular transparent columns which image the left and right eye images.

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a cross-sectional view of part of the surface of the photographic paper 2. As is illustrated in cross-sectional view 10, the photographic paper consists of a series of lenticular columns 11 designed to separate out the left and right stereoscopic view. The image is printed on the bottom side 12 of the transparent photographic paper 10.

It is assumed that the pitch 13 of a single pixel is 80 micron and the pitch of the dot spacing is at 20 micron 14. Hence, four dots 14-17 are provided per pixel. Two dots 14-15 are provided for the left stereoscopic view and two dots 16-17 are provided for the right stereoscopic view.

The right eye viewing the photographic paper will image 20, 21 the right hand pixel dots 16, 17 and the left eye will image 23, 24 the left hand dots 25, 26. Therefore, the two images are presented separately to each eye and a stereo photographic effect results. The stereo photographic effect primarily resulting from the lenticular profile of each column e.g. 11.

Turning now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a perspective view of the underside of a portion of paper 10. The illustration of FIG. 3 includes construction lines so as to illustrate the dot pitch of each dot 30 in addition to the pixel pitch, which includes four dots 31-34. As illustrated in FIG. 3, four dots can be provided for each pixel with two dots 31-32 being provided for the right hand stereographic view and two dots 33, 34 being provided for the left hand stereographic view. The dots e.g. 30 are laid down on the print media 10 so that, when the media is reversed, a correct stereoscopic view results.

Turning now simultaneously to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, one form of imaging a stereoscopic image will now be discussed. Two images are preferably imaged by CCD couplers 40, 41 which are located in a portable camera device. Each CCD device 40, 41 images a separate image which is to be combined via the stereo processing unit 42 in the left and right interleaved manner as illustrated in FIG. 3. Upon correctly interleaving the image by stereo processing unit 42, the image is sent to print engine 43 and to printout 44 which prints the image on the top side 46 of photographic paper 10.

The current position of the photographic paper 10 is detected by positioning unit 50 with the current position being fed back to print engine 43 for the control of print head 44. The position is determined by means of an LED type device 80 imaging the lenticular surface of the print media 10 with the periodic variation in intensity being measured by a photo conductor 81 on the opposite side of the print media 10, thereby giving an accurate measure of the motion of the paper 10.

Turning to FIG. 5, the operation of the positioning unit indicated by the broken line 50 will now be further explained. The photographic paper 10 is pinched between rollers 51, 52, the roller 52 is constructed to have a mating surface to the lenticular surface 54 of the print media 10. As the lenticular period of the print media 10 is of the order of 80 micron, the mating surface of roller 52 is shown in an exaggerated form, as is the lenticular surface of printer paper 10. The fine period of the lenticular print media means that roller 52 can be utilized with other forms of print media as well.

The surface of roller 52 insures that the print media 10 maintains a constant spatial relationship with the roller 52. Hence, the print rollers 51, 52 operate under the control of print engine 43 as monitored by the positioning unit 50 so as to turn roller 52 in accordance with requirements and thereby draw print media 10 past print head 44. As a result, alignment between the position of dots printed by print head 44 and the lenticular columns is maintained.

The stereographic image that can then be printed by print head 44 as the print media 10 is drawn past the print head. Preferably, the print head 44 is a full image width print head.

Of course, other means of determining the current position of print media 10 relative to the print head 44 are possible.

Turning now to FIG. 6, a camera device can be provided in accordance with the principles of the proposed embodiment by coupling a printer roll 60 having lenticular paper 61 of a suitable form and a corresponding ink supply (not shown) The paper 61 is ejected from the print roller 60 by means of pinch rollers 62, 63 to printing device 64 which includes further pinch rollers 65, 66, a cutter 67, platen 69, pinch rollers 51, 52 and print head 44. A stereographic image is then printed by print head 44 and ejected 70 after the paper 61 has been cut by cutter 67, the output 70 being of a transparent form.

Turning now to FIG. 7, upon ejection of an image 70, it can be adhered to a plain white surface 71. This can be achieved by utilising an adhesive surface 71 to stick the transparency 70. Subsequently, the image can be viewed as illustrated in FIG. 1 through the lenticular lens system so as to produce left and right stereographic images and thereby produce 3-dimensional effects in a taken image.

Ideally, the camera system that is depicted in FIG. 6 can be of a portable form such that it can be conveniently carried to a site where pictures are desired to be taken and stereoscopic photographic pictures immediately taken.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Cross-Referenced Applications

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket No. Reference Title 1J01US IJ01 Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US IJ02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04 Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09 Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscilating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ18U5 IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20 Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US 1127 Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer IJ28U5 IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer IJ29U5 IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper lnk Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer IJ32U5 IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelectric tic Ink Jet Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a theriinai actuator comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container Ink Jet Printer IJ36U5 IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet IJ37U5 IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator Ink Jet IJ38U5 IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42U5 IJ42 Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43U5 IJ43 Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44U5 IJ44 Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45U5 IJ45 Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the ♦ Large force generated ♦ High power ♦ Canon Bubblejet bubble ink to above boiling point, ♦ Simple construction ♦ Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo et al GB transferring significant heat to the ♦ No moving parts ♦ Low efficiency patent 2,007, 162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates and ♦ Fast operation ♦ High temperatures required ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit quickly forms, expelling the ink. ♦ Small chip area required for ♦ High mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al The efficiency of the process is low, actuator ♦ Unusual materials required USP 4,899, 181 with typically less than 0.05% of the ♦ Large drive transistors ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ electrical energy being transformed ♦ Cavitation causes actuator failure 1982 Vaught et al into kinetic energy of the drop. ♦ Kogation reduces bubble formation USP 4,490,728 ♦ Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Very large area required for actuator ♦ Kyser et al USP lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Difficult to integrate with electronics 3,946,398 electrically activated, and either ♦ Fast operation ♦ High voltage drive transistors required ♦ Zoltan USP expands, shears, or bends to apply ♦ High efficiency ♦ Full pagewidth print heads impractical 3,683,212 pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. due to actuator size ♦ 1973 Stemme USP ♦ Requires electrical poling in high field 3,747,120 strengths during manufacture ♦ Epson Stylus ♦ Tektronix ♦ IJ04 Electro- An electric field is used to activate ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%) ♦ Seiko Epson, Usui et strictive electrostriction in relaxor materials ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Large area required for actuator due to all JP 253401/96 such as lead lanthanum zirconate ♦ Low thermal expansion low strain ♦ IJ04 titanate (PLZT) or lead magnesium ♦ Electric field strength ♦ Response speed is marginal (˜10 μs) niobate (PMN). required (approx. 3.5 V/μm) ♦ High voltage drive transistors required can be generated without ♦ Full pagewidth print heads impractical difficulty due to actuator size ♦ Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Difficult to integrate with electronics ♦ IJ04 phase transition between the ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are antiferroelectric (AFE) and ♦ Fast operation (<1 μs) required ferroelectric (FE) phase. Perovskite ♦ Relatively high longitudinal ♦ Actuators require a large area materials such as tin modified lead strain lanthanum zirconate titanate ♦ High efficiency (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of up ♦ Electric field strength of to 1% associated with the AFE to FE around 3 V/μm can be phase transition. readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Difficult to operate electrostatic ♦ IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric ♦ Many ink types can be used devices in an aqueous environment (usually air). Upon application of a ♦ Fast operation ♦ The electrostatic actuator will normally voltage, the plates attract each other need to be separated from the ink and displace ink, causing drop ♦ Very large area required to achieve ejection. The conductive plates may high forces be in a comb or honeycomb ♦ High voltage drive transistors may be structure, or stacked to increase the required surface area and therefore the force. ♦ Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to ♦ Low current consumption ♦ High voltage required ♦ 1989 Saito et al, USP pull on ink the ink, whereupon electrostatic ♦ Low temperature ♦ May be damaged by sparks due to air 4,799,068 attraction accelerates the ink towards breakdown ♦ 1989 Miura et al, the print medium. ♦ Required field strength increases as the USP 4,810,954 drop size decreases ♦ Tone-jet ♦ High voltage drive transistors required ♦ Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts a ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Complex fabrication ♦ IJ07, IJ10 magnet permanent magnet, displacing ink ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Permanent magnetic material such as electro- and causing drop ejection. Rare earth ♦ Fast operation Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnetic magnets with a field strength around ♦ High efficiency required. 1 Tesla can be used. Examples are: ♦ Easy extension from single ♦ High local currents required Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and nozzles to pagewidth print ♦ Copper metalization should be used for magnetic materials in the heads long electromigration lifetime and low neodymium iron boron family resistivity (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, ♦ Pigmented inks are usually infeasible etc) ♦ Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Complex fabrication ♦ IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10 core electro- in a soft magnetic core or yoke ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Materials not usually present in a ♦ IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17 magnetic fabricated from a ferrous material ♦ Fast operation CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or such as electroplated iron alloys such ♦ High efficiency CoFe are required as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. ♦ Easy extension from single ♦ High local currents required Typically, the soft magnetic material nozzles to pagewidth print ♦ Copper metalization should be used for is in two parts, which are normally heads long electromigration lifetime and low held apart by a spring. When the resistivity solenoid is actuated, the two parts ♦ Electroplating is required attract, displacing the ink. ♦ High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a current ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Force acts as a twisting motion ♦ IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 Lorenz force carrying wire in a magnetic field is ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Typically, only a quarter of the utilized. ♦ Fast operation solenoid length provides force in a This allows the magnetic field to be ♦ High efficiency useful direction supplied eternally to the print head, ♦ Easy extension from single ♦ High local currents required for example with rare earth nozzles to pagewidth print ♦ Copper metalization should be used for permanent magnets. heads long electromigration lifetime and low Only the current carrying wire need resistivity be fabricated on the print-head, ♦ Pigmented inks are usually infeasible simplifying materials requirements. Magneto- The actuator uses the giant ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Force acts as a twisting motion ♦ Fischenbeck, USP striction magnetostrictive effect of materials ♦ Fast operation ♦ Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D 4,032,929 such as Terfenol-D (an alloy of ♦ Easy extension from single are required ♦ IJ25 terbium, dysprosium and iron nozzles to pagewidth print ♦ High local currents required developed at the Naval Ordnance heads ♦ Copper metalization should be used for Laboratory, hence Ter-Fe-NOL). For ♦ High force is available long electromigration lifetime and low best efficiency, the actuator should resistivity be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. ♦ Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive pressure is held in ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Requires supplementary force to effect ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 tension a nozzle by surface tension. The ♦ Simple construction drop separation 658 A2 and related reduction surface tension of the ink is reduced ♦ No unusual materials ♦ Requires special ink surfactants patent applications below the bubble threshold, causing required in fabrication ♦ Speed may be limited by surfactant the ink to egress from the nozzle. ♦ High efficiency properties ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced ♦ Simple construction ♦ Requires supplementary force to effect ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 reduction to select which drops are to be ♦ No unusual materials drop separation 658 A2 and related ejected. A viscosity reduction can be required in fabrication ♦ Requires special ink viscosity patent applications achieved electrothermally with most ♦ Easy extension from single properties inks, but special inks can be nozzles to pagewidth print ♦ High speed is difficult to achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity heads ♦ Requires oscillating ink pressure reduction. ♦ A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and ♦ Can operate without a ♦ Complex drive circuitry ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate ♦ Complex fabrication al, EUP 550,192 region. ♦ Low efficiency ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP ♦ Poor control of drop position 572,220 ♦ Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon ♦ Low power consumption ♦ Efficient aqueous operation requires a ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18 bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon ♦ Many ink types can be used thermal insulator on the hot side ♦ IJ19, 1320, IJ21, IJ22 Joule heating is used. ♦ Simple planar fabrication ♦ Corrosion prevention can be difficult ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 ♦ Small chip area required for ♦ Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 each actuator pigment particles may jam the bend ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 ♦ Fast operation actuator ♦ IJ37, IJ38 ,IJ39, IJ40 ♦ High efficiency ♦ IJ41 ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Standard MEMS processes can be used ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very high ♦ High force can be generated ♦ Requires special material (e.g. PTFE) ♦ IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion ♦ PTFE is a candidate for low ♦ Requires a PTFE deposition process, ♦ IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, 1324 actuator (CTE) such as dielectric constant which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs ♦ IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is insulation in ULSI ♦ PTFE deposition cannot be followed ♦ IJ31, IJ42, 1343, IJ44 used. As high CTE materials are ♦ Very low power with high temperature (above 350° C.) usually non-conductive, a heater consumption processing fabricated from a conductive ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as material is incorporated. A 50 μm ♦ Simple planar fabrication pigment particles may jam the bend long PTFE bend actuator with ♦ Small chip area required for actuator polysilicon heater and 15 mW power each actuator input can provide 180 μN force and ♦ Fast operation 10 μm deflection. Actuator motions ♦ High efficiency include: ♦ CMOS compatible voltages 1) Bend and currents 2) Push ♦ Easy extension from single 3) Buckle nozzles to pagewidth print 4) Rotate heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of ♦ High force can be generated ♦ Requires special materials ♦ IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is ♦ Very low power development (High CTE conductive thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to consumption polymer) actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 ♦ Many ink types can be used ♦ Requires a PTFE deposition process, orders of magnitude below that of ♦ Simple planar fabrication which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs copper. The conducting polymer ♦ Small chip area required for ♦ PTFE deposition cannot be followed expands when resistively heated. each actuator with high temperature (above 350° C.) Examples of conducting dopants ♦ Fast operation processing include: ♦ High efficiency ♦ Evaporation and CVD deposition 1) Carbon nanotubes ♦ CMOS compatible voltages techniques cannot be used 2) Metal fibers and currents ♦ Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as 3) Conductive polymers such as ♦ Easy extension from single pigment particles may jam the bend doped polythiophene nozzles to pagewidth print actuator 4) Carbon granules heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi ♦ High force is available ♦ Fatigue limits maximum number of ♦ IJ26 alloy (also known as Nitinol-Nickel (stresses of hundreds of cycles Titanium alloy developed at the MPa) ♦ Low strain (1%) is required to extend Naval Ordnance Laboratory) is ♦ Large strain is available fatigue resistance thermally switched between its weak (more than 3%) ♦ Cycle rate limited by heat removal martensitic state and its high ♦ High corrosion resistance ♦ Requires unusual materials (TiNi) stiffness austenic state. The shape of ♦ Simple construction ♦ The latent heat of transformation must the actuator in its martensitic state is ♦ Easy extension from single be provided deformed relative to the austenic nozzles to pagewidth print ♦ High current operation shape. The shape change causes heads ♦ Requires pre-stressing to distort the ejection of a drop. ♦ Low voltage operation martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic actuators include ♦ Linear Magnetic actuators ♦ Requires unusual semiconductor ♦ IJ12 Magnetic the Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), can be constructed with materials such as soft magnetic alloys Actuator Linear Permanent Magnet high thrust, long travel, and (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), high efficiency using planar ♦ Some varieties also require permanent Linear Reluctance Synchronous semiconductor fabrication magnetic materials such as Actuator (LRSA), Linear Switched techniques Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), and ♦ Long actuator travel is ♦ Requires complex multi-phase drive the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). available circuitry ♦ Medium force is available ♦ High current operation ♦ Low voltage operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest mode of ♦ Simple operation ♦ Drop repetition rate is usually limited ♦ Thermal inkjet directly operation: the actuator directly ♦ No external fields required to less than 10 KHz. However, this is ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy to ♦ Satellite drops can be not fundamental to the method, but is ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 expel the drop. The drop must have a avoided if drop velocity is related to the refill method normally ♦ IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 sufficient velocity to overcome the less than 4 m/s used ♦ IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 surface tension. ♦ Can be efficient, depending ♦ All of the drop kinetic energy must be ♦ IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 upon the actuator used provided by the actuator ♦ IJ25 IJ26 IJ27 IJ28 ♦ Satellite drops usually form if drop ♦ IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s ♦ IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 ♦ IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 ♦ IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print head ♦ Requires close proximity between the ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used print head and the print media or 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of ♦ The drop selection means transfer roller patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide the ♦ May require two print heads printing separated from the ink in the nozzle energy required to separate alternate rows of the image by contact with the print medium or the drop from the nozzle ♦ Monolithic color print heads are a transfer roller. difficult Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print head ♦ Requires very high electrostatic field Silverbrook, EP 077 pull on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used ♦ Electrostatic field for small nozzle 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of ♦ The drop selection means sizes is above air breakdown patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide the ♦ Electrostatic field may attract dust ♦ Tone-Jet separated from the ink in the nozzle energy required to separate by a strong electric field. the drop from the nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are selected ♦ Very simple print head ♦ Requires magnetic ink ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used ♦ Ink colors other than black are difficult 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of ♦ The drop selection means ♦ Requires very high magnetic fields patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide the separated from the ink in the nozzle energy required to separate by a strong magnetic field acting on the drop from the nozzle the magnetic ink. Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to ♦ High speed (>50 KHz) ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 block ink flow to the nozzle. The ink operation can be achieved ♦ Requires ink pressure modulator pressure is pulsed at a multiple of the due to reduced refill time ♦ Friction and wear must be considered drop ejection frequency. ♦ Drop timing can be very ♦ Stiction is possible accurate ♦ The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to ♦ Actuators with small travel ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 block ink flow through a grill to the can be used ♦ Requires ink pressure modulator nozzle. The shutter movement need ♦ Actuators with small force ♦ Friction and wear must be considered only be equal to the width of the grill can be used ♦ Stiction is possible holes. ♦ High speed (>50 KHz) operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts an ♦ Extremely low energy ♦ Requires an external pulsed magnetic ♦ IJ10 magnetic pull ‘ink pusher’ at the drop ejection operation is possible field on ink pusher frequency. An actuator controls a ♦ No heat dissipation ♦ Requires special materials for both the catch, which prevents the ink pusher problems actuator and the ink pusher from moving when a drop is not to ♦ Complex construction be ejected.

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly fires the ink ♦ Simplicity of construction ♦ Drop ejection energy must be supplied ♦ Most inkjets, drop, and there is no external field or ♦ Simplicity of operation by individual nozzle actuator including other mechanism required. ♦ Small physical size piezoelectric and thermal bubble. ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 ♦ IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 ♦ IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, ♦ Oscillating ink pressure can ♦ Requires external ink pressure ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure providing much of the drop ejection provide a refill pulse, oscillator 658 A2 and related (including energy. The actuator selects which allowing higher operating ♦ Ink pressure phase and amplitude must patent applications acoustic drops are to be fired by selectively speed be carefully controlled ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) blocking or enabling nozzles. The ♦ The actuators may operate ♦ Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 ink pressure oscillation may be with much lower energy must be designed for achieved by vibrating the print head, ♦ Acoustic lenses can be used or preferably by an actuator in the to focus the sound on the ink supply. nozzles Media The print head is placed in close ♦ Low power ♦ Precision assembly required ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 proximity proximity to the print medium. ♦ High accuracy ♦ Paper fibers may cause problems 658 A2 and related Selected drops protrude from the ♦ Simple print head ♦ Cannot print on rough substrates patent applications print head further than unselected construction drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller ♦ High accuracy ♦ Bulky ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 instead of straight to the print ♦ Wide range of print ♦ Expensive 658 A2 and related medium. A Wansfer roller can also be substrates can be used ♦ Complex construction patent applications used for proximity drop separation. ♦ Ink can be dried on the ♦ Tektronix hot melt transfer roller piezoelectric inkjet ♦ Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate ♦ Low power ♦ Field strength required for separation ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 selected drops towards the print ♦ Simple print head of small drops is near or above air 658 A2 and related medium. construction breakdown patent applications ♦ Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to accelerate ♦ Low power ♦ Requires magnetic ink ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic field selected drops of magnetic ink ♦ Simple print head ♦ Requires strong magnetic field 658 A2 and related towards the print medium. construction patent applications Cross The print head is placed in a constant ♦ Does not require magnetic ♦ Requires external magnet ♦ IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a materials to be integrated in ♦ Current densities may be high, current carrying wire is used to move the print head resulting in electromigration problems the actuator. manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to ♦ Very low power operation ♦ Complex print head construction ♦ IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which is possible ♦ Magnetic materials required in print pushes on the ink. A small actuator ♦ Small print head size head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator mechanical ♦ Operational simplicity ♦ Many actuator mechanisms have ♦ Thermal Bubble amplification is used. The actuator insufficient travel, or insufficient force, Inkjet directly drives the drop ejection to efficiently drive the drop ejection ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07 process. process ♦ IJ16 IJ25 IJ26 Differential An actuator material expands more ♦ Provides greater travel in a ♦ High stresses are involved ♦ Piezoelecteric expansion on one side than on the other. The reduced print head area ♦ Care must be taken that the materials ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 bend actuator expansion may be thermal, ♦ The bend actuator converts do not delaminate ♦ IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or a high force low travel ♦ Residual bend resulting from high ♦ IJ43, IJ44 other mechanism. actuator mechanism to high temperature or high stress during travel, lower force formation mechanism. Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the ♦ Very good temperature ♦ High stresses are involved ♦ IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are identical. This stability ♦ Care must be taken that the materials cancels bend due to ambient ♦ High speed, as a new drop do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. The can be fired before heat actuator only responds to transient dissipates heating of one side or the other. ♦ Cancels residual stress of formation Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. ♦ Increased travel ♦ Increased fabrication complexity ♦ Some piezoelectric This can be appropriate where ♦ Reduced drive voltage ♦ Increased possibility of short circuits ink jets actuators require high electric field due to pinholes ♦ IJ04 strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used ♦ Increases the force available ♦ Actuator forces may not add linearly, ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20 actuators simultaneously to move the ink. from an actuator reducing efficiency ♦ IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43 Each actuator need provide only a ♦ Multiple actuators can be portion of the force required. positioned to control ink flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a ♦ Matches low travel actuator ♦ Requires print head area for the spring ♦ IJ15 motion with small travel and high with higher travel force into a longer travel, lower force requirements motion. ♦ Non-contact method of motion transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When ♦ Better coupling to the ink ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off, the spring ♦ High stress in the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to provide ♦ Increases travel ♦ Generally restricted to planar ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 actuator greater travel in a reduced chip area. ♦ Reduces chip area implementations due to extreme ♦ Planar implementations are fabrication difficulty in other relatively easy to fabricate. orientations. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region ♦ Simple means of increasing ♦ Care must be taken not to exceed the ♦ IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator near the fixture point, which flexes travel of a bend actuator elastic limit in the flexure area much more readily than the ♦ Stress distribution is very uneven remainder of the actuator. The ♦ Difficult to accurately model with actuator flexing is effectively finite element analysis converted from an even coiling to an angular bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel ♦ Low force, low travel ♦ Moving parts are required ♦ IJ13 at the expense of duration. Circular actuators can be used ♦ Several actuator cycles are required gears, rack and pinion, ratchets, and ♦ Can be fabricated using ♦ More complex drive electronics other gearing methods can be used. standard surface MBMS ♦ Complex construction processes ♦ Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch The actuator controls a small catch. ♦ Very low actuator energy ♦ Complex construction ♦ IJ10 The catch either enables or disables ♦ Very small actuator size ♦ Requires external force movement of an ink pusher that is ♦ Unsuitable for pigmented inks controlled in a bulk manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change ♦ Very fast movement ♦ Must stay within elastic limits of the ♦ S. Hirata et al, “An a slow actuator into a fast motion. It achievable materials for long device life Ink-jet Head . . .”, can also convert a high force, low ♦ High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, travel actuator into a high travel, ♦ Generally high power requirement Feb. 1996, pp 418- medium force motion. 423. ♦ IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase ♦ Linearizes the magnetic ♦ Complex construction ♦ IJ14 magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. force/distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to ♦ Matches low travel actuator ♦ High stress around the fulcrum ♦ IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 transform a motion with small travel with higher travel and high force into a motion with requirements longer travel and lower force. The ♦ Fulcrum area has no linear lever can also reverse the direction of movement, and can be used travel. for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a rotary ♦ High mechanical advantage ♦ Complex construction ♦ IJ28 impeller impeller. A small angular deflection ♦ The ratio of force to travel ♦ Unsuitable for pigmented inks of the actuator results in a rotation of of the actuator can be the impeller vanes, which push the matched to the nozzle ink against stationary vanes and out requirements by varying the of the nozzle. number of impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone ♦ No moving parts ♦ Large area required ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et plate) acoustic lens is used to ♦ Only relevant for acoustic ink jets al, EUP 550, 192 concentrate sound waves. ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate ♦ Simple construction ♦ Difficult to fabricate using standard ♦ Tone-jet conductive an electrostatic field. VLSI processes for a surface ejecting point ink-jet ♦ Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator changes, ♦ Simple construction in the ♦ High energy is typically required to ♦ Hewlett-Packard expansion pushing the ink in all directions. case of thermal ink jet achieve volume expansion. This leads Thermal Inkjet to thermal stress, cavitation, and ♦ Canon Bubblejet kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction ♦ Efficient coupling to ink ♦ High fabrication complexity may be ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface normal to the print head surface. The drops ejected normal to the required to achieve perpendicular ♦ IJ11, IJ14 nozzle is typically in the line of surface motion movement. Linear, parallel The actuator moves parallel to the ♦ Suitable for planar ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, to chip surface print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication ♦ Friction ♦ IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 may still be normal to the surface. ♦ Stiction Membrane An actuator with a high force but ♦ The effective area of the ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ 1982 Hawkins USP push small area is used to push a stiff actuator becomes the ♦ Actuator size 4,459,601 membrane that is in contact with the membrane area ♦ Difficulty of integration in a VLSI ink. process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of ♦ Rotary levers may be used ♦ Device complexity ♦ IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 some element, such a grill or to increase travel ♦ May have friction at a pivot point impeller ♦ Small chip area requirements Bend The actuator bends when energized. ♦ A very small change in ♦ Requires the actuator to be made from ♦ 1970 Kyser et al USP This may be due to differential dimensions can be at least two distinct layers, or to have a 3,946,398 thermal expansion, piezoelectric converted to a large motion. thermal difference across the actuator ♦ 1973 Stemme USP expansion, magnetostriction, or other 3,747,120 form of relative dimensional change. ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 ♦ IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 ♦ IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a central ♦ Allows operation where the ♦ Inefficient coupling to the ink motion ♦ IJ06 pivot. This motion is suitable where net linear force on the there are opposite forces applied to paddle is zero opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. ♦ Small chip area Lorenz force. requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and ♦ Can be used with shape ♦ Requires careful balance of stresses to ♦ IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. memory alloys where the ensure that the quiescent bend is austenic phase is planar accurate Double bend The actuator bends in one direction ♦ One actuator can be used to ♦ Difficult to make the drops ejected by ♦ IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 when one element is energized, and power two nozzles. both bend directions identical. bends the other way when another ♦ Reduced chip size. ♦ A small efficiency loss compared to element is energized. ♦ Not sensitive to ambient equivalent single bend actuators. temperature Shear Energizing the actuator causes a ♦ Can increase the effective ♦ Not readily applicable to other actuator ♦ 1985 Fishbeck USP shear motion in the actuator material. travel of piezoelectric mechanisms 4,584,590 actuators Radial The actuator squeezes an ink ♦ Relatively easy to fabricate ♦ High force required ♦ 1970 Zoltan USP constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a single nozzles from glass ♦ Inefficient 3,683,212 constricted nozzle. tubing as macroscopic ♦ Difficult to integrate with VLSI structures processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils ♦ Easy to fabricate as a planar ♦ Difficult to fabricate for non-planar ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the free VLSI process devices end of the actuator ejects the ink. ♦ Small area required ♦ Poor out-of-plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the ♦ Can increase the speed of ♦ Maximum travel is constrained ♦ IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 middle when energized. travel ♦ High force required ♦ Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One ♦ The structure is pinned at ♦ Not readily suitable for inkjets which ♦ IJ18 actuator pulls the shutter, and the both ends, so has a high directly push the ink other pushes it. out-of-plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to ♦ Good fluid flow to the ♦ Design complexity ♦ IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they region behind the actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, ♦ Relatively simple ♦ Relatively large chip area ♦ IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber construction surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of ♦ High efficiency ♦ High fabrication complexity ♦ IJ22 ink. These simultaneously rotate, ♦ Small chip area ♦ Not suitable for pigmented inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high ♦ The actuator can be ♦ Large area required for efficient ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et vibration frequency. physically distant from the operation at useful frequencies al, EUP 550,192 ink ♦ Acoustic coupling and crosstalk ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, EUP ♦ Complex drive circuitry 572,220 ♦ Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the actuator ♦ No moving parts ♦ Various other tradeoffs are required to ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 does not move. eliminate moving parts 658 A2 and related patent applications ♦ Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface After the actuator is energized, it ♦ Fabrication simplicity ♦ Low speed ♦ Thermal inkjet tension typically returns rapidly to its normal ♦ Operational simplicity ♦ Surface tension force relatively small ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet position. This rapid return sucks in compared to actuator force ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 air through the nozzle opening. The ♦ Long refill time usually dominates ♦ IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 ink surface tension at the nozzle then the total repetition rate exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is ♦ High speed ♦ Requires common ink pressure ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating provided at a pressure that oscillates ♦ Low actuator energy, as the oscillator ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 ink at twice the drop ejection frequency. actuator need only open or ♦ May not be suitable for pressure When a drop is to be ejected, the close the shutter, instead of pigmented inks shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: ejecting the ink drop drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. Refill After the main actuator has ejected a ♦ High speed, as the nozzle is ♦ Requires two independent ♦ IJ09 actuator drop a second (refill) actuator is actively refilled actuators per nozzle energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator return slowly to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive The ink is held a slight positive ♦ High refill rate, therefore a ♦ Surface spill must be prevented ♦ Silverbrook, ink pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate is ♦ Highly hydrophobic print head EP 0771 658 A2 and pressure ejected, the nozzle chamber fills possible surfaces are required related patent quickly as surface tension and ink applications pressure both operate to refill the ♦ Alternative for: nozzle. ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 ♦ IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle ♦ Design simplicity ♦ Restricts refill rate ♦ Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and relatively ♦ Operational simplicity ♦ May result in a relatively large chip ♦ Piezoelectric inkjet narrow, relying on viscous drag to ♦ Reduces crosstalk area ♦ IJ42, IJ43 reduce inlet back-flow. ♦ Only partially effective Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, ♦ Drop selection and ♦ Requires a method (such as a nozzle ♦ Silverbrook, FP 0771 pressure so that in the quiescent state some of separation forces can be rim or effective hydrophobizing, or 658 A2 and related the ink drop already protrudes from reduced both) to prevent flooding of the patent applications the nozzle. ♦ Fast refill time ejection surface of the print head. ♦ Possible operation of This reduces the pressure in the the following: nozzle chamber which is required to ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 eject a certain volume of ink. The ♦ IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, reduction in chamber pressure results ♦ IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 in a reduction in ink pushed out ♦ IJ44 through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the ♦ The refill rate is not as ♦ Design complexity ♦ HP Thermal Ink Jet inlet ink flow. When the actuator is restricted as the long inlet ♦ May increase fabrication complexity ♦ Tektronix energized, the rapid ink movement method. (e.g. Tektronix hot melt Piezoelectric piezoelectric ink jet creates eddies which restrict the flow ♦ Reduces crosstalk print heads). through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by ♦ Significantly reduces back- ♦ Not applicable to most inkjet ♦ Canon restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator flow for edge-shooter configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap thermal ink jet devices ♦ Increased fabrication complexity that restricts the inlet. ♦ Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink ♦ Additional advantage of ink ♦ Restricts refill rate ♦ IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 inlet and the nozzle chamber. The filtration ♦ May result in complex construction ♦ IJ29, IJ30 filter has a multitude of small holes ♦ Ink filter may be fabricated or slots, restricting ink flow. The with no additional process filter also removes particles which steps may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle ♦ Design simplicity ♦ Restricts refill rate ♦ IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to chamber has a substantially smaller ♦ May result in a relatively large chip nozzle cross section than that of the nozzle, area resulting in easier ink egress out of ♦ Only partially effective the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the ♦ Increases speed of the ink- ♦ Requires separate refill actuator and ♦ IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the jet print head operation drive circuit ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of ♦ Back-flow problem is ♦ Requires careful design to minimize ♦ IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the ink- eliminated the negative pressure behind the paddle ♦ IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink- pushing surface of the actuator ♦ IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 pushing between the inlet and the nozzle. ♦ IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 surface ♦ IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 ♦ IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink ♦ Significant reductions in ♦ Small increase in fabrication ♦ IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator chamber are arranged so that the back-flow can be achieved complexity moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off the ♦ Compact designs possible off the inlet inlet. Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, ♦ Ink back-flow problem is ♦ None related to ink back-flow on ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 actuator does there is no expansion or movement eliminated actuation 658 A2 and related not result in of an actuator which may cause ink patent applications ink back-flow back-flow through the inlet. ♦ Valve-jet ♦ Tone-jet ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired ♦ No added complexity on the ♦ May not be sufficient to displace dried ♦ Most ink jet systems firing periodically, before the ink has a print head ink ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 chance to dry. When not in use the ♦ IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 nozzles are sealed (capped) against ♦ IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 air. The nozzle firing is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do ♦ Can be highly effective if ♦ Requires higher drive voltage for ♦ Silverbrook, BP 0771 ink heater not boil it under normal situations, the heater is adjacent to the clearing 658 A2 and related nozzle clearing can be achieved by nozzle ♦ May require larger drive transistors patent applications over-powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid ♦ Does not require extra drive ♦ Effectiveness depends substantially ♦ May be used with: succession of succession. In some configurations, circuits on the print head upon the configuration of the inkjet ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11 actuator this may cause heat build-up at the ♦ Can be readily controlled nozzle ♦ IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 pulses nozzle which boils thc ink, clearing and initiated by digital logic ♦ IJ23-1125, IJ27-IJ34 the nozzle. In other situations, it may ♦ IJ36-IJ45 cause sufficient vibrations to dislodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally ♦ A simple solution where ♦ Not suitable where there is a hard limit ♦ May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, applicable to actuator movement ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by ♦ IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 providing an enhanced drive signal ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 to the actuator. ♦ IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 ♦ IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the ♦ A high nozzle clearing ♦ High implementation cost if system ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance ink chamber. This wave is of an capability can be achieved does not already include an acoustic ♦ IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 appropriate amplitude and frequency ♦ May be implemented at actuator to cause sufficient force at the nozzle very low cost in systems to clear blockages. This is easiest to which already include achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a acoustic actuators resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated plate is pushed ♦ Can clear severely clogged ♦ Accurate mechanical alignment is ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 clearing plate against the nozzles. The plate has a nozzles required 658 A2 and related post for every nozzle. The array of ♦ Moving parts are required patent applications posts ♦ There is risk of damage to the nozzles ♦ Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is ♦ May be effective where ♦ Requires pressure pump or other ♦ May be used with all pulse temporarily increased so that ink other methods cannot be pressure actuator IJ series inkjets streams from all of the nozzles. This used ♦ Expensive may be used in conjunction with ♦ Wasteful of ink actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the ♦ Effective for planar print ♦ Difficult to use if print head surface is ♦ Many ink jet systems wiper print head surface. The blade is head surfaces non-planar or very fragile usually fabricated from a flexible ♦ Low cost ♦ Requires mechanical parts polymer, e.g. rubber or synthetic ♦ Blade can wear out in high volume elastomer. print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the ♦ Can be effective where ♦ Fabrication complexity ♦ Can be used with boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e- other nozzle clearing many IJ series ink action mechanism does not require it. methods cannot be used jets The heaters do not require individual ♦ Can be implemented at no drive circuits, as many nozzles can additional cost in some be cleared simultaneously, and no inkjet configurations imaging is required.

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electrotormed A nozzle plate is separately ♦ Fabrication simplicity ♦ High temperatures and pressures are ♦ Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from electroformed nickel, required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet and bonded to the print head chip. ♦ Minimum thickness constrain is ♦ Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are ablated ♦ No masks required ♦ Each hole must be individually formed ♦ Canon Bubblejet or drilled by an intense UV laser in a nozzle ♦ Can be quite fast ♦ Special equipment required ♦ 1988 Sercel et al., polymer plate, which is typically a polymer ♦ Some control over nozzle ♦ Slow where there are many thousands SPIE, Vol. 998 such as polyimide or polysulphone profile is possible of nozzles per print head Excimer Beam ♦ Equipment required is ♦ May produce thin burrs at exit holes Applications, pp. 76- relatively low cost 83 ♦ 1993 Watanabe et al., USP 5,208,604 Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is ♦ High accuracy is attainable ♦ Two part construction ♦ K. Bean, 1EEE machined micromachined from single crystal ♦ High cost Transactions on silicon, and bonded to the print head ♦ Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, wafer. ♦ Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive Vol. ED-25, No. 10, ♦ 1978, pp 1185-1195 ♦ Xerox 1990 Hawkin et al., USP 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn from ♦ No expensive equipment ♦ Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to ♦ 1970 Zoltan USP capillaries glass tubing. This method has been required form 3,683,212 used for making individual nozzles, ♦ Simple to make single ♦ Not suited for mass production but is difficult to use for bulk nozzles manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a ♦ High accuracy (<1 μm) ♦ Requires sacrificial layer under the ♦ Silverbrook, FP 0771 surface micro- layer using standard VLSI deposition ♦ Monolithic nozzle plate to form the nozzle 658 A2 and related machined techniques. Nozzles are etched in the ♦ Low cost chamber patent applications using VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography ♦ Existing processes can be ♦ Surface may be fragile to the touch ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11 lithographic and etching. used ♦ IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 processes ♦ IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 ♦ IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 ♦ 1333, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 ♦ IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 ♦ IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzleplate is a buried etch stop ♦ High accuracy (<μm) ♦ Requires long etch times ♦ IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07 etched in the wafer. Nozzle chambers are ♦ Monolithic ♦ Requires a support wafer ♦ IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13 through etched in the front of the wafer, and ♦ Low cost ♦ IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, 1119 substrate the wafer is thinned from the back ♦ No differential expansion ♦ IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have been tried to ♦ No nozzles to become ♦ Difficult to control drop position ♦ Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et plate eliminate the nozzles entirely, to clogged accurately al USP 5,412,413 prevent nozzle clogging. These ♦ Crosstalk problems ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu et include thermal bubble mechanisms al EUP 550,192 and acoustic lens mechanisms ♦ 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572 220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough ♦ Reduced manufacturing ♦ Drop firing direction is sensitive to ♦ IJ35 through which a paddle moves. complexity wicking. There is no nozzle plate. ♦ Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and ♦ No nozzles to become ♦ Difficult to control drop position ♦ 1989 Saito et al USP instead of replacement by a slit encompassing clogged accurately 4,799,068 individual many actuator positions reduces ♦ Crosstalk problems nozzles nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the ♦ Simple construction ♦ Nozzles limited to edge ♦ Canon Bubblejet (‘edge chip, and ink drops are ejected from ♦ No silicon etching required ♦ High resolution is difficult 1979 Endo et al GB shooter’) the chip edge. ♦ Good heat sinking via ♦ Fast color printing requires one print patent 2,007,162 substrate head per color ♦ Xerox heater-in-pit ♦ Mechanically strong 1990 Hawkins et al ♦ Ease of chip handing USP 4,899,181 ♦ Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the ♦ No bulk silicon etching ♦ Maximum ink flow is severely ♦ Hewlett-Packard TIJ (‘roof chip, and ink drops are ejected from required restricted 1982 Vaught et al shooter’) the chip surface, normal to the plane ♦ Silicon can make an USP 4,490,728 of the chip. effective heat sink ♦ IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 ♦ Mechanical strength ♦ IJ22 Through Ink flow is through the chip, and ink ♦ High ink flow ♦ Requires bulk silicon etching ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 chip, drops are ejected from the front ♦ Suitable for pagewidth 658 A2 and related forward surface of the chip. print patent applications (‘up ♦ High nozzle packing ♦ IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 shooter’) density therefore low ♦ IJ27-IJ45 manufacturing cost Through Ink flow is through the chip, and ink ♦ High ink flow ♦ Requires wafer thinning ♦ IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 chip, drops are ejected from the rear ♦ Suitable for pagewidth ♦ Requires special handling during ♦ 1107, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10 reverse surface of the chip. print manufacture ♦ IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16 (‘down ♦ High nozzle packing ♦ IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 shooter’) density therefore low ♦ IJ26 manufacturing cost Through Ink flow is through the actuator, ♦ Suitable for piezoelectric ♦ Pagewidth print heads require several ♦ Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of the print heads thousand connections to drive circuits ♦ Tektronix hot melt same substrate as the drive ♦ Cannot be manufactured in standard piezoelectric ink jets transistors. CMOS fabs ♦ Complex assembly required

INKTYPE Ink type Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, Water based ink which typically ♦ Environmentally friendly ♦ Slow drying ♦ Most existing inkjets dye contains: water, dye, surfactant, ♦ No odor ♦ Corrosive ♦ All IJ series ink jets humectant, and biocide. ♦ Bleeds on paper ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 Modem ink dyes have high water- ♦ May strikethrough 658 A2 and related fastness, light fastness ♦ Cockles paper patent applications E Aqueous, Water based ink which typically ♦ Environmentally friendly ♦ Slow drying ♦ IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26 pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, ♦ No odor ♦ Corrosive ♦ IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. ♦ Reduced bleed ♦ Pigment may clog nozzles ♦ Silverbrook, EP 0771 Pigments have an advantage in ♦ Reduced wicking ♦ Pigment may clog actuator 658 A2 and related reduced bleed, wicking and ♦ Reduced strikethrough mechanisms patent applications strikethrough. ♦ Cockles paper ♦ Piezoelectric ink-jets ♦ Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent ♦ Very fast drying ♦ Odorous ♦ All IJ series inkjets Ethyl used for industrial printing on ♦ Prints on various substrates ♦ Flammable Ketone difficult surfaces such as aluminum such as metals and plastics (MEK) cans. Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used ♦ Fast drying ♦ Slight odor ♦ All IJ series inkjets (ethanol, where the printer must operate at ♦ Operates at sub-freezing ♦ Flammable 2- temperatures below the freezing temperatures butanol, point of water. An example of this is ♦ Reduced paper cockle and in-camera consumer photographic ♦ Low cost others) printing. Phase The ink is solid at room temperature, ♦ No drying time- ink ♦ High viscosity ♦ Tektronix hot melt change and is melted in the print head before instantly freezes on the ♦ Printed ink typically has a ‘waxy’ feel piezoelectric ink jets (hot jetting. Hot melt inks are usually print medium ♦ Printed pages may ‘block’ ♦ 1989 Nowak USP melt) wax based, with a melting point ♦ Almost any print medium ♦ Ink temperature may be above the 4,820,346 around 80° C.. After jetting the ink can be used curie point of permanent magnets ♦ All IJ series ink jets freezes almost instantly upon ♦ No paper cockle occurs ♦ Ink heaters consume power contacting the print medium or a ♦ No wicking occurs ♦ Long warm-up time transfer roller. ♦ No bleed occurs ♦ No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively used ♦ High solubility medium for ♦ High viscosity: this is a significant ♦ All IJ series ink jets in offset printing. They have some dyes limitation for use in inkjets, which advantages in improved ♦ Does not cookie paper usually require a low viscosity. Some characteristics on paper (especially ♦ Does not wick through short chain and multi-branched oils no wicking or cockle). Oil soluble paper have a sufficiently low viscosity. dies and pigments are required. ♦ Slow drying Micro- A microemulsion is a stable, self ♦ Stops ink bleed ♦ Viscosity higher than water ♦ All IJ series ink jets emulsion forming emulsion of oil, water, and ♦ High dye solubility ♦ Cost is slightly higher than water based surfactant. The characteristic drop ♦ Water, oil, and amphiphilic ink size is less than 100 nm, and is soluble dies can be used ♦ High surfactant concentration required determined by the preferred ♦ Can stabilize pigment (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. suspensions

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference include:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO8066 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ01) PO8072 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ02) PO8040 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ03) PO8071 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ04) PO8047 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ05) PO8035 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ06) PO8044 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ07) PO8063 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ08) PO8057 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ09) PO8056 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ10) PO8069 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ11) PO8049 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ12) PO8036 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ13) P68048 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ14) PO8070 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ15) PO8067 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ16) PO8001 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ17) PO8038 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ18) PO8033 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ19) PO8002 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ20) PO8068 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ21) PO8062 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ22) PO8034 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ23) PO8039 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ24) PO8041 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ25) PO8004 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ26) PO8037 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ27) PO8043 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ28) PO8042 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ29) PO8064 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ30) PO9389 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ31) PO9391 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ32) PP0888 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ33) PP0891 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ34) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ35) PP0873 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ36) PP0993 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparafus (IJ37) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ38) PP1398 19-Jan-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ39) PP2592 25-Mar-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ40) PP2593 25-Mar-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ41) PP3991 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ42) PP3987 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ43) PP3985 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ44) PP3983 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ45)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7935 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM01) PO7936 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM02) PO7937 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM03) PO8061 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM04) PO8054 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM05) PO8065 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM06) PO8055 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM07) PO8053 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM08) PO8078 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM09) PO7933 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM10) PO7950 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM11) PO7949 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM12) PO8060 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM13) PO8059 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM14) PO8073 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM15) PO8076 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM16) PO8075 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM17) PO8079 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM18) PO8050 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM19) PO8052 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM20) PO7948 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM21) PO7951 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM22) PO8074 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM23) PO7941 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM24) PO8077 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM25) PO8058 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM26) PO8051 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM27) PO8045 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM28) PO7952 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM29) PO8046 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30) PO8503 11-Aug-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM30a) PO9390 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM31) PO9392 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM32) PP0889 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM35) PP0887 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM36) PP0882 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM37) PP0874 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM38) PP1396 19-Jan-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM39) PP2591 25-Mar-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM41) PP3989 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM40) PP3990 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM42) PP3986 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM43) PP3984 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM44) PP3982 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation Apparatus (IJM45)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO8003 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F1) PO8005 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and Apparatus (F2) PO9404 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method (F3)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7943 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS02) PO8007 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS03) PO8008 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS04) PO8010 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS05) PO8011 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS06) PO7947 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS07) PO7945 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS08) PO7944 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS09) PO7946 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS10) PO9393 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method (MEMS11) PP0875 12-Dec-97 A Device (MEMS12) PP0894 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (MEMS13)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PP0895 12-Dec-97 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR01) PP0870 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR02) PP0869 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR04) PP0887 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR05) PP0885 12-Dec-97 An Image Production System (IR06) PP0884 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR10) PP0886 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IR12) PP0871 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR13) PP0876 12-Dec-97 An Image Processing Method and Appartus (IR14) PP0877 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR16) PP0878 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR17) PP0879 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR18) PP0883 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR19) PP0880 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR20) PP0881 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR21)

DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PP2370 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot01) PP2371 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (Dot02)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference:

Australian Provisional Number Filing Date Title PO7991 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01) PO8505 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01a) PO7988 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART02) PO7993 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART03) PO8012 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART05) PO8017 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Metbod and Apparatus (ART06) PO8014 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART07) PO8025 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART08) PO8032 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART09) PO7999 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART10) PO7998 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART11) PO8031 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART12) PO8030 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART13) PO8498 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART14) PO7997 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART15) PO7979 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART16) PO8015 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART17) PO7978 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART18) PO7982 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART19) PO7989 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART20) PO8019 15-Jul-97 Media Processing Method and Apparatus (ART21) PO7980 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART22) PO7942 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART23) PO8018 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART24) PO7938 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART25) PO8016 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART26) PO8024 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART27) PO7940 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART28) PO7939 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART29) PO8501 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8500 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART31) PO7987 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART32) PO8022 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART33) PO8497 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART30) PO8029 15-Jul-97 Sensor Creation Method and Apparatus (ART36) PO7985 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Methcd and Apparatus (ART37) PO8020 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART38) PO8023 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART39) PO9395 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART4) PO8021 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART40) PO8504 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART42) PO8000 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART43) PO7977 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART44) PO7934 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART45) PO7990 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART46) PO8499 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART47) PO8502 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART48) PO7981 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART50) PO7986 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART51) PO7983 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART52) PO8026 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ARTS3) PO8027 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART54) PO8028 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART56) PO9394 23-Sep-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART57) PO9396 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART58) PO9397 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART59) PO9398 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART60) PO9399 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART61) PO9400 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART62) PO9401 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART63) PO9402 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART64) PO9403 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART65) PO9405 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART66) PP0959 16-Dec-97 A Data Processing Method and Apparatus (ART68) PP1397 19-Jan-98 A Media Device (ART69) 

We claim:
 1. A stereoscopic image forming apparatus comprising: a stereoscopic image sensing means for sensing an image stereoscopically to produce a stereoscopic image; transparent image media having, on a first surface, a lensing system so as to stereoscopically image a scene printed on a second surface to the left and right eye of a viewer of said printed stereoscopic image; a pagewidth ink jet printing means for receiving data from said sensing means and for printing said stereoscopic image directly on the second surface of said transparent image media; media transport means for transporting the second surface of said transparent image media past said pagewidth ink jet printing means; and monitoring means for monitoring a current transverse location of said transparent image media relative to said pagewidth ink jet printing means, said monitoring means triggering the ejection of ink from said pagewidth ink jet printing means onto said second surface of said transparent image media so that a stereoscopic image is discernible when viewed through said first surface of said transparent image media.
 2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said lensing system comprises a series of closely spaced lenticular columns and said pagewidth ink jet printing means includes a print head substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of each lenticular column.
 3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said monitoring means comprises a light emitting diode for transmitting light through the first surface of said transparent image media and a light sensor arranged adjacent the second surface of transparent image media for sensing said transmitted light.
 4. A method of creating a stereoscopic photographic image utilizing a pagewidth ink jet printing device comprising: (a) utilizing an image generation device to image a scene stereoscopically; (b) translating a first surface portion of a transparent printing media across said pagewidth ink jet printing device; said transparent printing media having a second surface including a lensing system so as to stereoscopically image said scene to the left and right eye of a viewer of said printed stereoscopic image; (c) monitoring the current location of said first surface portion relative to said pagewidth ink jet printing device so as to determine when to eject ink from said pagewidth ink jet printing device so as to form said imaged scene on said first surface portion. 